Common Name

Substitutions

Acacia  Spiraled

Acacia, willow

Algum Tree

Fir, fig, red sandal-wood, juniper

Almond (prunus dulcis)

Apricot, apple, prune, flowering tree

Almug Tree

Fir, fig, red sandal-wood, juniper

Aloes

Aloe, sedum, yucca and succulents

Anemone

Anemone, windflowers, ice plant

Anise (Dill)

Dill, fennel

Apple

Apple, pear, citrus, fig

Asphodel

Red hot poker, torch lily, 

Barley

Barley, millet, sorghum, bunching grass, lemon grass, wheat, rye

Beans

Fava beans, flat beans, green beans and runner beans

Bitter Herbs

Horseradish, chicory, dwarf chicory, lettuce, parsley, sow-thistle, dandelion, endive, rocket, Arugula 

Box Tree

Laurel

Boxthorn

Laurel

Bramble

Blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, pyracantha

Broom

Broom

Broom  Yellow

Broom, lupine

Caper, Desire

Caper bush, nasturtium

Carob

Carob, locust

Cedar

Cedar

Chamomile

Crown daisy, chamomile, Calendula, marigold, pot marigold

Chicory

Horseradish, chicory, dwarf chicory, lettuce, parsley, sow-thistle, dandelion, endive, rocket

Coriander

Coriander

Corn

Wheat, rye, oats, barley, ornamental grasses

Cotton

Cotton

Crocus

Narcissus, paperwhite, all-yellow or white. Hyacinthus orientalis, hyacinth, wild hyacinth, sillia

Crown Daisy

Crown daisy, chamomile, Calendula, marigold, pot marigold

Cucumber

Colocynth, wild gourd, watermelon, snake cucumber, musk melon, cucumber

Cummin

Love-in-the-mist, cumin, coriander

Cypress

Cypress, ceda

Date Palm

Palm

Dill

Anise, Fennel

Dove's Dung (Star Of Bethlehem)

Narcissus, paperwhite, all-yellow or white. Hyacinthus orientalis, hyacinth, wild hyacinth, sillia

Fennel

Common giant fennel, culinary fennel, purple fennel,

Fig

Fig

Fir  (Aleppo Pine)

Pine

Fitches, Black Cumin

Love-in-a-mist, black cumin, nutmeg flower

Flax

Flax, red, blue, alpine flax

Gall (Poppy)

Corn poppy, field poppy, opium poppy, bread seed poppy, Iceland poppy, Shirley poppy

Garlick/Garlic

Onion, leeks, garlic, elephant garlic, chives

Gourd/Castor Oil Tree.

Gourds, caster bush

Herbs

Rosemary, sweet bay, basil, lavender, borage, caraway, poppy seeds, chives, cilantro, cumin, fennel, horseradish,

Hyssop

Hyssop, agastache

Incense

Rockrose, cistus

Judas Tree

Redbud

Jujube

Carob, locust

Juniper (Broom)

Juniper

Leeks

Onion, leeks, garlic, elephant garlic, chives

Lentiles

Beans, lentiles, split peas

Lily

Narcissus, paperwhite, all-yellow or white. Hyacinthus orientalis, hyacinth, wild hyacinth, sillia

Linen

Flax

Mallow

Althea rosea, hollyhock, Malva sylvestris, common mallow, m. Alcea and m. Moschata, musk mallow.

Mandrake

Gourds, caster bush, Solanum, skullcap

MARJORUM

Origanum majorana, sweet marjoram. Pot marjoram, or any garden marjoram. Oregano could be a substitution if necessary.

Mint

Mentha longifolia, Horsemint, m. Piperita, peppermint, m spicata, spearmint. Choice of species not important.

Mulberry, Black

Mulberry, fruited

Mustard

Black mustard, white mustard

Myrtle

Myrtle, bush or tree

Nettles

Acantha, nettles, justica, Lamium

Nigella

Love-in-the-mist, cumin, coriander

Nuts/Pistachio

Pistachio, walnuts, Almond (prunus dulcis)s, filberts

Oak (Valonia Oak)

Oak any variety

Olive

Olive

Onion

Onion, leeks, garlic, elephant gar, chives

Pine Tree

Pine

Plane Tree

Sycamore, liquid amber

Pomegranate

Pomegranate

Poplar  White

Poplar

Poppy

Corn poppy, field poppy, opium poppy, breadseed poppy, Iceland poppy, Shirley poppy

Reed

Papyrus, reeds, cat-tails, flags, sedge

Rie (Rye)

Wheat, rye, oats, barley, ornamental grasses

Rockrose  Pink (Possible Source Of Ladanum)

Rockrose

Rockrose  White (Possible Source Of Ladanum)

Rockrose

Rose Wild Also Dog Rose

Wild rose, white rose or bush rose

Rue

Wild rue, common rue,

Rush

Papyrus, reeds, cat-tails, flags, sedge

Saffron

Crocus species and hybrids, crocus nudiflorus, c. Kotschyanus,  c. Sativus, c. Specious,

Sage

Salvia sclarea var  Turkestanica, Clary sage, perennial culinary sage, field Clary,  French lavender,

Spices

Lavender, cumin, mustard

Sweet Cane

Sugar cane, ornamental grasses, Lemon grass, Arundo Donax

Sweet Flag, Aromatic Cane

Flags, iris, ornamental grasses

Sycamine (Mulberry)

Mulberry, fruited

Tamarisk

Tamarisk

Thistle Golden

Thistles, Centaurea, everlastings, bachelor buttons, artichoke

Thistles

Thistles, Centaurea, everlastings, bachelor buttons, artichoke

Thorn

Any thorny bush or bramble

Thyine Wood

Myrtle

Tulip  Sharon (Possible Rose Of Sharon)

Tulip, narcissus, daffodils

Vine

Grape - any variety

Vine - Grape

Grape - any variety

Willows

Willow

Wine

Grape - any variety

Wormwood

Artemisia